Lime stabilization is particularly important in road construction for modifying subgrade soils, subbase materials, and base materials. This construction manual is presented with the sincere belief that it will aid in maintaining the highquality construction standards which have been established over the years by the department. Standard specifications manual series 200 subgrade and. Using lime can substantially increase the stability, impermeability, and loadbearing capacity of the subgrade. Shortages of locally available high quality soil aggregate resources are becoming more and more common statewide. Usually, the technology provides an alternative provision structural solution to practical problema. Lime stabilisation of cohesive soils for capping layers using quicklime introduction cohesive soils can be treated with quicklime to produce capping material that complies with the highways agency specification for roads. The influence of lime on the compaction behaviour of soils. Provides individual specifications from ac 150537010, standards for specifying construction of airports, including construction standards for general provisions, earthwork, flexible base courses, rigid base courses, flexible surface courses, rigid pavement, fencing, drainage, turfing, lighting installation, pavement rejuvenation. Certify and document the submittal values for the following items for each geogrid soil reinforcement used on the project. The special provisions will specify which type of lime to use.
D2216 test methods for laboratory determination of water moisture content of soil and rock by mass. Cementmodified soil cms is a soil aggregate material that has been treated with a relatively small proportion of portland cement in order to amend its undesirable properties so that they are suitable for use in subgrade or foundation construction. Mixture design for lime soil treatment has two major objectives. The subgrade may be treated to improve its ability to support traffic loads. Lime stabilization is used primarily to upgrade poor quality clay soils in order to provide adequate subgrade support a prime. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or.
Adequate care should be taken to avoid carbonation of lime. It offers the inspector a method of obtaining fast, accurate, in. As a result, lime treatment can produce high and longlasting strength gains. Review submittal description sd definitions in section 01 33 00 submittal. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Aisc american institute of steel construction aisi american iron and steel institute aitc american institute of timber construction alsa american lumber standard committee, inc. The construction manual contains policies and procedures related to the duties of caltrans division of construction personnel, is for information only, and is intended as a resource for personnel engaged in contract administration be alert for new or revised specifications that may affect the current manual guidance for contract administration. The following standards are from ac 150537010h, standards for specifying construction of airports. Amrl aashto materials reference laboratory anla american nursery and landscape association ansi american national standards institute. Lime stabilisation of cohesive soils for capping layers. The stabilizing effect gives loadbearing qualities to the treated soil. Since the mid 1970s, when my first grading and excavation book was published, there have been many changes in construction methods and. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Lime treated soil construction manual lime stabilization.
Revisions will be posted on the construction division intranet site. Design procedures for soil modification or stabilization in. We encourage use of the online version of the full manual or individual sections. This paper presents the influence of lime, in the range of 0%, on the compaction behaviour of soils with wide range of plasticity characteristics i. It is, at times, necessary to treat these soils to provide a stable subgrade or a working. Suggested method for mixture design procedure for lime. Guidelines for soil stabilization the national academies press. General specifications arc given in suggested specification for soil centen, base course. A small amount of lime 4 to 7% is used to rapidly dehydrate and modify finegrained soils. Subgrade enhancement design and construction guide. Lime stabilisation of cohesive soils for capping layers using.
Soil stabilization aims at improving soil strength and increasing resistance to softening by water through bonding the soil particles together, water proofing the particles or combination of the two sherwood, 1993. Bell department of geology and applied geology, university of natal private bag xio, dalbridge, 4014, south africa received 12 april 1995. The longterm hardening facilitates the design of foundations for industrial platforms. Construction procedure directive cpd memorandums also are issued to clarify information already contained in the manual, introduce a process change, remind readers of existing policy, announce a new form, or inform the reader of a change in address or contact. Design procedures for soil modification or stabilization. Soils and foundations handbook 2009 state materials office gainesville, florida. Enclosed soil holds lime for adding to marginal crushed stone base material. Durability of projects the permanency of lime treated soils is often upheld by di cussing the numerous longstanding successful lim stabilized construction. Thecompacted soil lime earth lining was2feet thick for the roads on.
Dryup of wet soil at construction sites is one of the widest uses of lime for soil treatment. Field inspection steps to control construction are described in soil cemenf inspectors manual. In a sentence written in the active voice, someone acts on something. This paper presents a direct evaluation of the optimum lime content for treatment of expansive soils. Maintain the lime treated soil in an acceptable condition until final acceptance of the project. Excavation and grading handbook by nick capachi, john capachi. The nuclear gauge is specifically designed to measure the moisture content and density of soils, aggregates, cement and lime treated materials, and to measure the density of bituminous concrete.
Soil compaction soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. Adding quicklime directly to soil is permitted by national lime association, lime treated soil construction manual and by california department of transportation. Annual book of astm standards, american society for testing and materials. Ufgs 32 11 30 lime treated subgrade lime modified soils. Cbr values of soil treated with the optimum lime meet the. Robnett, a second air force stabilization conference. Recommended practice for stabilization of subgrade soils.
Record the weight as g for the appropriate test specimen number on the worksheet. The improved engineering characteristics of lime treated materials provide important benefits to both portland cement concrete rigid and asphalt flexible pavements. Use of lime can substantially increase the stability, impermeability, and loadbearing capacity of the subgrade. Guidelines for stabilization of soils containing sulfates. Effect of lime treatment and variable compaction moisture on resilient. Post construction evaluation of lime treated soils introduction lime is used to treat weak subgrade soils during construction of highways.
However, the use of lime for soil drying, temporary modification, and permanent stabilization is not limited to highway construction see chapter v for more information. This manual is written for construction contractors developing project bids, planning. Cementitious stabilization transportation research board. Soil stabilization using lime open access journals. Elsevier engineering geology 42 1996 223237 e geneepdng geology lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils f. Portland cement association, soilcement inspectors manual, pa050s. Lime treated gravel with lime fed by screw conveyor. The new mexico department of transportation publishes this edition of the standard specifications for highway and bridge construction with an emphasis on the active voice. Nov 01, 2015 1 lime stabilized construction lime stabilized construction 2 glossary 10 pages 146 appendices 17 pages plus last acknowledgment page 156 recap hydraulic set from nonhydraulic lime and clay rich soil or pozzolan 174175 stage 1 field testing materials 1.
The frequency manual is a tabulation of various items of materials and tests normally used in the construction and maintenance of highways and bridges. The modification process improves workability and compactability of the soils. Durability of projects the permanency of limetreated soils is often upheld by di cussing the numerous longstanding successful lim stabilized construction projects. Water also is required to be added to adjust the moisture content of the mixture to facilitate the chemical reaction of the lime and aid compaction. National lime association, a limetreated soil construction manual. Properties and characteristics of limetreated soils. References recommended practice for stabilization of.
Post construction evaluation of limetreated soils introduction lime is used to treat weak subgrade soils during construction of highways. The lime treated subgrade shall not be mixed or compacted if the temperature of the lime or soil is below 35 f. Design procedures for soillime stabilization for road and. The optimum soil lime proportion for soil stabilization is determined by tests of specific characteristics of stabilized soil such as unconfined compressive strength or plasticity index. When lime is combined with water and the soluble silica and alumina present in clay, a chemical reaction occurs, resulting in the formation of new compounds. This will be enough to produce an improvement in the. Lime stabilizes poor soils concrete construction magazine. Lime stabilization 2 to 8 % lime mixed with soil low level for soil modificationplatform. We are in the process of preparing individual files for each. The data in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is based on available technical data. Pdf lime treated materials for embankment and hardfill dam. A slow curing process during road construction is a marked advantage, as it allows greater flexibility when working with the treated soil.
Place the test specimen mixed with lime into the mold in one layer. Soil stabilization using lime typically using high calcium lime source. Excessive aeration of lime slurry will not be permitted the lime treated subgrade shall not be mixed when it is raining, or when the subgrade material is frozen. Nla bul 326 2004 lime treated soil construction manual. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. For 10% cement treated soils pore pressures rose rapidly to confining pressure s resulting in zero effective confining pressure at failure. Physical property changes in a limetreated expansive clay. Lime slurry pressure injection lspi rig treating a failed highway slope. It offers the inspector and contractor a method of obtaining fast, accurate and in. Design procedures for soillime stabilization for road and railway. Construction manual is responsible for keeping the contents of their copy up to date. Non treated, 5%, and 10% cement treated soils displayed ductile, planar, and splitting type of failure, respectively. To view the entire ac and the latest errata sheet, select the complete ac link below note.
Perform repairs to lime treated soil by replacing the full. Stabilizing sulfaterich soils using traditional stabilizers and nontraditional construction methods. Division 300 bases colorado department of transportation. Lime is an unparalleled aid in the modification and stabilization of soil beneath road and similar construction projects. Contractor is responsible for appropriate safety measures when applying and mixing lime. Unconfined compressive strength of lime treated soils and aggregates. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. In order to achieve specified properties, subgrade, select fill, and base materials frequently require chemical treatment with additives such as lime, cement, fly ash, and asphalt. Interpretation of geotechnical properties of cement.
The mechanics of capping treatment the addition of quicklime calcium oxide to any soil causes a reduction in moisture content as water is used in the hydration of the lime. This report presents revisions to the twovolume users manual prepared in. The structure consists in 2 fullscale experimental dry dikes, the first one built with 2. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils sciencedirect. The manual specifies the minimum schedule necessary to satisfy the requirements for acceptance samples and tests for each item. Guidelines for modification and stabilization of soils and. Mag should have all lime treatment options available. An even more significant use of lime is in the modification and stabilization of soil beneath road and similar construction projects. A fact sheet on soil stabilization the national lime association. Guidelines for the stabilization of subgrade soils in. D2488 practice for description and identification of soils visual manual procedure d3551 practice for laboratory preparation of soil lime mixtures using mechanical mixer. Do not use construction equipment on the treated soil except as necessary to discharge material into a spreader, or as may be otherwise permitted for embankment construction. This manual was originally written for highway pavement applications, and.
Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength. Lime treatment section 304 lime treatment is defined as the addition of lime to soil or soil aggregate to modify the materials characteristics. Soil and base stabilization and associated drainage. Standard test method for using ph to estimate the soil. Airport construction standards ac 150537010 airports. Cation exchange occurs at this ph, resulting in modification of the soil. D2166 test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. No need for lime stabilization, limetreated soil, or cement soil stabilization. Over fifty overburden swell tests were conducted in which samples treated with different. The improved load carry capability occurs because the lime admixture reduces the volume change characteristics and plasticity of the soil. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process.
Combinations of clayey soil, lime and calcined clay according to the best result obtained from chapelle test, were prepared, lime was added by constant percentage 6% of dry weight of soil in all. Add water if necessary to bring to optimum moisture content 6. Onearea wasinanearthlined section andthe other aconcretelined section. Ct 373 unconfined compressive strength of lime treated soils and aggregates ct 417 method of testing soils and waters for sulfate content ct 422 method of testing soils and waters for chloride content aashto m 145 standard specification for classification of soils and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the. In south africa, lime is utilised extensively in the construction of roads. Guide to cementtreated base ctb portland cement association 5420 old orchard road skokie, illinois 600771083 847. The location of the three tests will be at 2 ft from each edge of the construction. Pdf swelling characteristics of limetreated expansive soils. Pdf stabilization of clayey soil with lime and waste stone. This takes place since the lime soil cementation reaction is very slow. Mar 19, 2018 road construction with stabilized soil. This timber pile design and construction manual has been developed by the southern pressure treater s association as its official recommendation for timber piling design and construction. Reactions, properties, design and construction transportation.